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	<title>Majari Magazine &#187; Rahadian Bayu</title>
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	<description>No.1 Magazine and Forum for Indonesian Chemical Engineering Students. Articles about chemical process technology, fuel utilization, global issues, environmental issues, safety and health, university profile, scholarships, comic, and video.</description>
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		<title>Dasar-Dasar Pompa Sentrifugal (Bagian 1)</title>
		<link>http://majarimagazine.com/2008/05/dasar-dasar-pompa-sentrifugal-bagian-1/</link>
		<comments>http://majarimagazine.com/2008/05/dasar-dasar-pompa-sentrifugal-bagian-1/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 10 May 2008 07:24:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rahadian Bayu</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Kuliah]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[equipments]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[process design]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[safety]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://majarimagazine.com/?p=341</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Pada industri minyak bumi, sebagian besar pompa yang digunakan dalam fasilitas gathering station, suatu unit pengumpul fluida dari sumur produksi sebelum diolah dan dipasarkan, ialah pompa bertipe sentrifugal.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_1_centrifugal_pump.jpg" title="Centrifugal pump. Beberapa contoh pompa sentrifugal yang digunakan di salah satu gathering station. " class="thickbox"><img src='http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_1_centrifugal_pump-150x150.jpg' alt='Centrifugal Pump' class="thumbimage" /></a><a href="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_2_centrifugal_pump.jpg" title="Centrifugal pump. Beberapa contoh pompa sentrifugal yang digunakan di salah satu gathering station. " class="thickbox"><img src='http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_2_centrifugal_pump-150x150.jpg' alt='Centrifugal Pump' class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><span class="right"><em>(click picture to enlarge)</em></span><strong><em>Centrifugal pump.</em></strong> Beberapa contoh pompa sentrifugal yang digunakan di salah satu gathering station. </div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Pada industri minyak bumi, sebagian besar pompa yang digunakan dalam fasilitas <em>gathering station</em>, suatu unit pengumpul fluida dari sumur produksi sebelum diolah dan dipasarkan, ialah pompa bertipe sentrifugal. Gaya sentrifugal ialah sebuah gaya yang timbul akibat adanya gerakan sebuah benda atau partikel melalui lintasan lengkung (melingkar). </p>
<p>Prinsip-prinsip dasar pompa sentrifugal ialah sebagai berikut:</p>
<ul>
<li>gaya sentrifugal bekerja pada impeller untuk mendorong fluida ke sisi luar sehingga kecepatan fluida meningkat</li>
<li>kecepatan fluida yang tinggi diubah oleh <em>casing</em> pompa (<em>volute</em> atau <em>diffuser</em>) menjadi tekanan atau head</li>
</ul>
<p>Selain pompa sentrifugal, industri juga menggunakan pompa tipe <em>positive displacement</em>. Perbedaan dasar antara pompa sentrifugal dan pompa <em>positive displacement</em> terletak pada laju alir <em>discharge </em>yang dihasilkan oleh pompa. Laju alir <em>discharge </em>sebuah pompa sentrifugal bervariasi bergantung pada besarnya <em>head </em>atau tekanan sedangkan laju alir <em>discharge </em>pompa <em>positive displacement</em> adalah tetap dan tidak bergantung pada <em>head</em>-nya.</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_3_centrifugal_pump.jpg" title="Impeller. Ilustrasi aliran fluida dalam impeller sebuah pompa sentrifugal." class="thickbox"><img src='http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_3_centrifugal_pump-150x150.jpg' alt='Centrifugal Pump' class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><span class="right"><em>(click picture to enlarge)</em></span><strong><em>Impeller</em>.</strong> Ilustrasi aliran fluida dalam <em>impeller</em> sebuah pompa sentrifugal. </div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_4_centrifugal_pump.png" title="Sentrifugal vs. Positive Displacement. Laju alir discharge sebuah pompa positive displacement selalu tetap dan tidak tergantung oleh total dynamic head." class="thickbox"><img src='http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_4_centrifugal_pump-150x150.png' alt='Centrifugal Pump' class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><span class="right"><em>(click picture to enlarge)</em></span><strong>Sentrifugal vs. <em>Positive Displacement.</em></strong> Laju alir discharge sebuah pompa <em>positive displacement</em> selalu tetap dan tidak tergantung oleh <em>total dynamic head</em>. </div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_5_centrifugal_pump.png" title="Impeller. Beberapa impeller yang digunakan dalam pompa sentrifugal." class="thickbox"><img src='http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_5_centrifugal_pump-150x150.png' alt='Centrifugal Pump' class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><span class="right"><em>(click picture to enlarge)</em></span><strong>Impeller.</strong> Beberapa impeller yang digunakan dalam pompa sentrifugal. </em></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_6_centrifugal_pump.png" title="Performance Curve. Kurva perfomansi yang menunjukkan pengaluran data-data head, flow rate, efisiensi, dan kebutuhan daya." class="thickbox"><img src='http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_6_centrifugal_pump-150x150.png' alt='Centrifugal Pump' class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><span class="right"><em>(click picture to enlarge)</em></span><strong>Performance Curve </strong> Kurva perfomansi yang menunjukkan pengaluran data-data <em>head</em>, <em>flow rate</em>, <em>efisiensi</em>, dan kebutuhan daya. </em></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_8_centrifugal_pump.png" title="Perhitungan NPSHa. Ilustrasi yang menunjukkan bagaimana perhitungan NPSH avaiable sebuah pompa." class="thickbox"><img src='http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_8_centrifugal_pump-150x150.png' alt='Centrifugal Pump' class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><span class="right"><em>(click picture to enlarge)</em></span><strong>Perhitungan NPSHa.</strong> Berikut ini ilustrasi yang menunjukkan bagaimana perhitungan NPSH avaiable sebuah pompa. </div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_7_centrifugal_pump.jpg" title="Nametag. Contoh name tag sebuah pompa sentrifugal yang terdapat di pabrik. Terlihat bahwa head pompa ialah sebesar 990 ft." class="thickbox"><img src='http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/fig_7_centrifugal_pump-150x150.jpg' alt='Centrifugal Pump' class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><span class="right"><em>(click picture to enlarge)</em></span><strong><em>Nametag.</em></strong> Contoh <em>name tag</em> sebuah pompa sentrifugal yang terdapat di pabrik. Terlihat bahwa head pompa ialah sebesar 990 ft. </div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Klasifikasi Pompa Sentrifugal</h3>
<p>Pompa sentrifugal diklasifikasikan berdasarkan beberapa kriteria, antara lain:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Bentuk arah aliran yang terjadi di <em>impeller</em></strong>. Aliran fluida dalam <em>impeller </em>dapat berupa <em>axial flow</em>, <em>mixed flow</em>, atau <em>radial flow.</em></li>
<li><strong>Bentuk konstruksi dari <em>impeller</em></strong>. <em>Impeller </em>yang digunakan dalam pompa sentrifugal dapat berupa <em>open impeller</em>, <em>semi-open impeller</em>, atau <em>close impeller</em>.</li>
<li><strong>Banyaknya jumlah <em>suction inlet</em></strong>. Beberapa pompa setrifugal memiliki <em>suction inlet</em> lebih dari dua buah. Pompa yang memiliki satu <em>suction inlet</em> disebut <em>single-suction pump</em> sedangkan untuk pompa yang memiliki dua <em>suction inlet</em> disebut <em>double-suction pump</em>.</li>
<li><strong>Banyaknya <em>impeller</em></strong>. Pompa sentrifugal khusus memiliki beberapa <em>impeller </em>bersusun. Pompa yang memiliki satu <em>impeller </em>disebut <em>single-stage pump</em> sedangkan pompa yang memiliki lebih dari satu <em>impeller </em>disebut <em>multi-stage pump</em>.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Terminologi</h3>
<p>Beberapa terminologi dan istilah khusus yang sering berkaitan dengan pompa, ialah:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>TDH = <em>Total Dynamic Head</em></strong>, yaitu besarnya head pompa. Merupakan selisih antara head discharge dengan head suction; terkadang disebut head atau total head.</li>
<li><strong>BEP = <em>Best Efficiency Point</em></strong>, yaitu kondisi operasi dimana pompa bekerja paling optimum.</li>
<li><strong>NPSHr = <em>Net Positive Suction Head required</em></strong>, yaitu nilai head absolut dari inlet pompa yang dibutuhkan agar tidak terjadi kavitasi.</li>
<li><strong>NPSHa = <em>Net Positive Suction Head available</em></strong>, yaitu nilai head absolut y ang tersedia pada inlet pompa.</li>
<li><strong>Kavitasi</strong>, yaitu kondisi dimana terjadinya <em>bubble </em>(gelembung udara) di dalam pompa akibat kurangnya NPSHa (terjadi vaporisasi) dan pecah pada saat bersentuhan dengan <em>impeller </em><em>atau casing</em>. Agar tidak terjadi kavitasi, maka NPSHa harus lebih besar dari NPSHr.</li>
<li><strong>Minimum flow</strong>, yaitu flow rate yang terkecil yang dibutuhkan agar pompa beroperasi dengan baik. Apabila laju alir lebih rendah dari minimum flow, pompa dapat mengalami kerusakan.</li>
<li><strong>Efficiency</strong>, yaitu besarnya perbandingan antara energi yang dipakai (input) dengan energi output pompa.</li>
<li><strong>BHP = brake horsepower</strong>, yaitu power (daya) yang dibutuhkan oleh pompa untuk bisa bekerja sesuai dengan kurvanya; memiliki satuan hp.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Kurva Perfomansi Pompa</h3>
<p>Kurva performansi bermanfaat untuk menggambarkan beberapa parameter unjuk kerja dari pompa yang antara lain:</p>
<ol>
<li>Besarnya <em>head </em>terhadap <em>flow rate</em></li>
<li>Besarnya efisiensi terhadap <em>flow rate</em></li>
<li>Besarnya daya yang dibutuhkan terhadap <em>flow rate</em></li>
<li>Besarnya NPSHr terhadap <em>flow rate</em></li>
<li>Besarnya <em>minimum stable continuous flow</em></li>
</ol>
<h3>Sistem Proteksi Pompa</h3>
<p>Agar pompa dapat beroperasi dengan baik, terdapat prosedur proteksi standar yang diterapkan pada pompa sentrifugal. Beberapa standar minimum paling tidak terdiri dari:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Proteksi terhadap aliran balik. </strong>Aliran keluaran pompa dilengkapi dengan <em>check valve</em> yang membuat aliran hanya bisa berjalan satu arah, searah dengan arah aliran keluaran pompa.</li>
<li><strong>Proteksi terhadap <em>overload</em></strong>. Beberapa alat seperti <em>pressure switch low</em>, <em>flow switch high</em>, dan <em>overload relay</em> pada motor pompa dipasang pada sistem pompa untuk menghindari <em>overload</em>.</li>
<li><strong>Proteksi terhadap vibrasi.</strong> Vibrasi yang berlebihan akan menggangu kinerja dan berkemungkinan merusak pompa. Beberapa alat yang ditambahkan untuk menghindari vibrasi berlebihan ialah <em>vibration switch</em> dan <em>vibration monitor</em>.</li>
<li><strong>Proteksi terhadap <em>minimum flow</em>.</strong> Peralatan seperti pressure switch high (PSH), flow switch low (FSL), dan return line yang dilengkapi dengan control valve dipasang pada sistem pompa untuk melindungi pompa dari kerusakan akibat tidak terpenuhinya <em>minimum flow</em>.</li>
<li><strong>Proteksi terhadap <em>low NPSH available</em>.</strong> Apabila pompa tidak memiliki NPSHa yang cukup, aliran keluaran pompa tidak akan mengalir dan fluida terakumulasi dalam pompa. Beberapa peralatan <em>safety </em>yang ditambahkan pada sistem pompa ialah <em>level switch low</em> (LSL) dan <em>pressure switch low</em> (PSL).</li>
</ol>
<p><em>Bersambung ke bagian kedua.</em></p>
<blockquote><p><strong>Referensi: </strong><em>Penyegaran kembali tentang Dasar-dasar Teori dan Pengoperasian Pompa Sentrifugal</em> oleh Adi Kristanto and Umar Hamid.</p></blockquote>
<img src="http://majarimagazine.com/?ak_action=api_record_view&id=341&type=feed" alt="" />]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Control Scheme Improvement</title>
		<link>http://majarimagazine.com/2008/04/control-scheme-improvement/</link>
		<comments>http://majarimagazine.com/2008/04/control-scheme-improvement/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Apr 2008 17:07:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Rahadian Bayu</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Dunia Kerja]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[oil and gas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[process control]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://majarimagazine.com/?p=322</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This case study below of unreliable control scheme system has caused repetitive faliure on pumps and impacted to generate loss production from CVC station. Casing Vapor Collection (CVC) Station is one important facility in exploration business.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/casestudycvc.jpg" alt="" title="casestudycvc" width="200" height="210" class="left" /></a>Exploration business is still facing challenges on its facility operations. There are many gaps of reliability improvement that will take big attention to be handled in order to reduce Loss Production opportunity (LPO) because of unreliable operation system. Casing Vapor Collection (CVC) Station is one of facility in exploration business that has function to condense vapors from casing line header which is separated inside CVC separator, after which the condensate is pumped to a production line heading to Crude Oil Gathering Stations. The sketch below is showing the produced fluid flow process in onshore oil field.</p>
<p><center><img src="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/fig1.png" alt="" title="fig1" width="500" height="352" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-323" /></center></p>
<p>The transfer pumps are critical equipment on produced fluid flow process, because if the unplanned down is happening on transfer pumps, there will no fluid is able to be delivered to gathering station and requires the CVC station shut down. So that the availability of these pumps have to be monitored and take big attention on its daily performance in order to extend Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF).</p>
<p>The case study below of unreliable control scheme system has caused repetitive faliure on pumps and impacted to generate loss production from CVC station. </p>
<p>Once upon a time, there was a transfer pump repetitive faliure problem in surge vessel system. The current configuration of this system is shown below:</p>
<p><center><img src="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/fig2.png" alt="" title="fig2" width="500" height="272" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-324" /></center></p>
<p>The current transfer pumps’ control scheme has generated a fluctuated level inside surge vessel and start/stop pump frequently in short time (Either Lead or Lag Pumps). This condition has led to pumps performance which set automatically based on liquid level status inside surge vessel (LI 09002). The lead pump sets “OFF” at 20% liquid level for safety device and will be “ON” at 40% liquid level. The lag pump sets “ON” at 60% liquid level and will be “OFF” at 40% liquid level. </p>
<p>Transfer pumps have experienced an unacceptable number of repetitive mechanical seal failures which often have resulted in oil spills. The investigation has been conducted in order to find out the bottom causes of this problem. One clearly identified cause is repeated start/stop pump frequently within 10 minutes has caused damage on mechanical seal. The frequent start/stop pump condition is caused by level system itself which is to set lead pump “OFF” at 20% and restart at 40%. This happened on lag pump as well, which requires lag pump automatically “ON” at 60% and “OFF” at 40% liquid level.</p>
<p>The level control loop does not work as well as the level control signal which is routed to recycle valve (LCV 09001) in maintaining liquid level but it almost no effect on level. The current system attempts to control level by interaction between the recycle valve control (“level”) and the product valve control (“pressure”). The interaction is too slow to be effective in controlling the vessel level, so the back up control (pump’s safety device) of auto-starting/stopping pumps is used.</p>
<p>The level setting point of liquid level inside surge vessel is previously 50% level and this was inducing liquid carry over in overhead (vapor) line heading to vent stack and misting was occuring due to unreliable control scheme on surge vessel system. The picture below showed an fluctuated level:</p>
<p><center><img src="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/fig3.jpg" alt="" title="fig3" width="493" height="340" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-326" /></center></p>
<p>In order to eliminate this repetitive mechnical seal failures and reduce misting by providing reliable system which will control the level appropriately as dedicated. The current control scheme will be changed with control type as mentioned below:</p>
<ol>
<li>Change the product valve control so that it is controlled by net product flow controller FIC-09001. This flow controller will have its set pont provided by a level controller LIC-09001. Level to flow cascade control is an industry standard and will provide good level control while still allowing constraints on the flow rate to ensure the pump(s) operate in safe range.</li>
<li>Change the recycle valve control so that it is controlled by the pump(s) discharge pressure controller PIC-09001. this will ensure that the pump(s) stay above the minimum flow dan provide good protection for the pumps.</li>
</ol>
<p>This type of control system is typically used throughout upstream and downstream facilities as industry standard. The sketch below is proposed control scheme for replacing the previous one.</p>
<p><center><img src="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/fig4.png" alt="" title="fig4" width="500" height="279" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-325" /></center></p>
<p>Here is the end result once implemented the proposed control scheme in surge vessel sytem and conducted a tuning process on its propotional gain (CP) and Integral (TR) values in order to set proper either pressure control valve and level control valve responses in operations.</p>
<p><center><img src="http://majarimagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/fig5.jpg" alt="" title="fig5" width="487" height="335" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-327" /></center></p>
<p>By implementing the new control scheme at existing surge vessel facility, the frequent start/stop transfer pump(s) in short time is able to be eliminated. Since the fluctuated level has been decreased from +/- 45% becomes 5% only. By changing the level setting point from 50% to 40% has clearly identified that the misting process was able to reduced until 70%. These changes have been communicated thru updating the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP).</p>
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